BEYOND GENETICS: INTRODUCTION
As an adopted child, I hated my first biology class. My friends would perk up as the teacher walked us through the biology of 1981, an introduction to the scientific reasons why offspring looked or behaved the way they did. The textbook was great for the boy in the seat in front of me, Brian, who could finally understand why he had big fluffy blond hair, and now had good reason to resent his father for it. Mrs. Tipton used pictures, rules, and diagrams to explain the biology of the family, but I wasn't having any of it. The older kids in the neighborhood set me straight about the facts: adopted kids' families were biologically fake.
Every morning at 8:00 A.M.—first period—my mind flew far from the diagrams of peas on the chalkboard. I doodled imaginary machines that would let people control relatedness. My big, noisy contraptions would mix genes, creating links that were not in the textbook. I would combine what was essential about cocoa beans, sugar, and cows. I would use fish genes to swim underwater. I would give turtle genes, for longer life, to my grandparents. I would also transfer adoptive parents' genes into their kids so that I could erase the stigma of being a mystery child; so that I could be part of the "who has Grandfather's eyes" conversation; so that I could blame someone for my inability to catch a baseball.
I failed the first biology test, but I can see now that those imaginary machines were the more important part of class. They let me change the rules in my biology textbook. If my envisioned experiments were outlandish, they raised two perfectly reasonable questions: where do the rules about "natural" things come from? And, why can't we change the rules? I believe it was my great fortune to be brought up in an unusual way at a propitious time.
I learned genetics as an explanatory science about heredity. My children will see genetics in the way I saw my erector set. In one Manhattan museum, ten-year-olds with an hour to spare use detergent and a stick to extract DNA from their hair, then analyze the genes on a machine just slightly more expensive than a laptop computer. The museum has jazzed up its "analyze yourself" booth with ominous, glowing images of the double helix of DNA. But the kids don't care about the big 1980s graphic display. They can dive right into DNA analysis, and if you listen you hear their incredibly imaginative ideas about what they would like to do with "their DNA."
They can change the rules. DNA, genes, genomes, and helixes are yesterday's abstractions. A new generation uses biology as software, as part of a world of virtual and not-so-virtual adventures in a realm once reserved for Nature and God. A new generation sees inheritance not as a big family picture but as a big Internet connection—peer to peer, sharing files, learning a lot and learning it quickly.
For most of the twentieth century, genetics was an obscure kind of biology or an excuse to discriminate against those with disabilities or the wrong kind of skin. In the 1980s, an
Apollo-type mission to map the human genome began, sporting astronaut-style superstar scientists, a large federal budget, and a big, ambitious name: the Human Genome Project. Today genetic science has left those early experiments and their government origins far behind.
The mystical promise of genetics has come to fruition, and it is called genomics, the systematic study and development of genetic information using tools from the information sciences. Genomics is what happens when genetics is subjected to mathematics on the scale of mapping the interactions between lots of genes and lots of traits; it is macro-genetics, and more than that, an operating system. I will refer to the operating systems—rules, procedures,
silicon-based hardware, and carbon-based organisms—once analyzed—as Geneware. Geneware is revolutionizing virtually every aspect of plant and animal nature and is on its way to revolutionizing ordinary life for all of us. A new generation is much more comfortable with the "infotech" side—genetic information is the tool that defines opportunity in our century.
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